I.
Introduction
In
a recent study undergraduate level-1, each student is required to make a
scientific work is often called the thesis. Thesis contains the results of
research that includes the components of the scientific method. In general,
this study aims to find a problem in a specific area to look for solutions to
improve the quality of a performance. When researchers from the department of education,
this study aims to determine the issues relating to education in schools and to
enhance better learning in a subject. With this research, an issue expected to
be completed properly and to improve the quality of education.
II.
Contents
Many studies can be conducted by a
researcher in general and special education, such as classroom action research,
analysis, media development, improved teaching methods, and application system
/ program that has been studied.
The basis of a scientific work or
research is the theory and data. This theory can be used as a reference in the
writing of scientific papers. A research or scientific work can use the
theories that have been chosen according to the topic as a basis for writing a
scientific paper to strengthen the scientific work was making it feasible to do
research or published.
The theories used as the basis for the
creation of a scientific work, it can be taken from books, journals, magazines,
newspapers, and internet. If the reference is taken via the Internet, the date
and time of access should be included, as they may be, the reference is taken
has been deleted or updated. Blogs should not be used as a reference to a
scientific work, because sometimes the information is written in the blogs is
less accurate.
Theories that serve as a scientific
reference may be ideology, philosophy, paradigms, theories, and the notion of
rules.
An ideology is a set of ideas that
constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought
of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare
worldview), as in several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies),
or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of
this society (a "received consciousness" or product of
socialization). The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer either change
in society, or adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists,
through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought
applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics.
Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or
not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. It is how society sees
things.
Philosophy is the study of general and
fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways
of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and
its reliance on rational argument.
In science, paradigm describes distinct
concepts or thought patterns in any scientific discipline or other
epistemological context. The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave paradigm its
contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of practices
that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. Kuhn
himself came to prefer the terms exemplar and normal science, which have more
precise philosophical meanings. Kuhn defines a
scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements
that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of
researchers", i.e.,
1. what
is to be observed and scrutinize
2. the
kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in
relation to this subject
3. how
these questions are to be structured
4. how
the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
Theories are analytical tools for
understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter.
There are theories in many and varied fields of study, including the arts and
sciences. A formal theory is syntactic in nature and is only meaningful when
given a semantic component by applying it to some content (i.e. facts and
relationships of the actual historical world as it is unfolding). Theories in
various fields of study are expressed in natural language, but are always
constructed in such a way that their general form is identical to a theory as
it is expressed in the formal language of mathematical logic. Theories may be
expressed mathematically, symbolically, or in common language, but are
generally expected to follow principles of rational thought or logic.
Theory is constructed of a set of
sentences which consist entirely of true statements about the subject matter
under consideration. However, the truth of any one of these statements is
always relative to the whole theory. Therefore the same statement may be true
with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. This is, in
ordinary language, where statements such as "He is a terrible person"
cannot be judged to be true or false without reference to some interpretation
of who "He" is and for that matter what a "terrible person"
is under the theory.
Sometimes two theories have exactly the
same explanatory power because they make the same predictions. A pair of such
theories is called indistinguishable, and the choice between them reduces to
convenience or philosophical preference.
In addition to the theories that serve
as the basis written scientific work, data is also the basis of a scientific
work. Data is a collection of information taken from the existing facts. Data
can be obtained from the observation / collection (classroom). The data can be
used in the meaning of scientific work, activities, procedures, Contexts,
relationship and pattern.
To obtain the data by observation, may
be filed through the research proposal. The research proposal is a proposal on
research of contain components of the scientific method.
The components of the research proposal
is the title, subtitle, problems formulation, theoretical review, methodology /
approach, data analysis, conclusion and
references.
Notion in philosophy is a reflection in
the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and
relations. Notions are usually described in terms of scope and content. This is
because notions are often created in response to empirical observations (or
experiments) of covering trends among variables.
For observation at the school can be a
case study research, classroom action research, lesson study and research and
development. All the research that has certain criteria. For example in the
development of media, must first find a reference to the theories to gain
knowledge, then prepare a map of concept, determine the criteria, tool and choose
an item that will be developed. Developing instrument will be carried out
observations of teaching and learning activities. In this study, a study will
examine the activities of teachers and students in the classroom.
In writing a scientific paper, there are
ordinances or rules of writing. To the standard of writing there are two rules,
namely the Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological
Association (APA).
The MLA Style Manual and Guide to
Scholarly Publishing (2008) is the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first
published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. It is an
academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and other
countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the
humanities, especially in English studies; the study of other modern languages
and literatures, including comparative literature; literary criticism; media
studies; cultural studies; and related disciplines.
According to the MLA book catalogue
description, since first being published in 1985, the MLA Style Manual has been
"the standard guide for graduate students, scholars, and professional
writers." MLA style "has been widely adopted by schools, academic
departments, and instructors for over half a century"; the MLA's
"guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals,
newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses,"
and they are "followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India,
Japan, Taiwan, and other countries.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Style is a set of rules that authors use when submitting papers for publications
in APA journals. The APA states that they were developed to assist reading
comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of
communication, and to "move the idea forward with a minimum of distraction
and a maximum of precision." The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association contains guidelines for every aspect of writing, especially
in the social sciences, from determining authorship to constructing a table to
avoiding plagiarism and constructing accurate reference citations.
III.
Conclusion
Before
conducting the study, a researcher should be prepared well other research
proposals in accordance with the rules of writing a good proposal. other than
that researchers should pay attention to the components and variables in the
study. Theories relied upon it in his research, should be accurate and have
been recognized, reference should be clear. Everything associated with the
components of the research which includes scientific methods should be looked
at closely.
To be a good research
results, the results obtained should be in conformity with the hail without any
engineering research. Each study has specific criteria. So the research or
scientific work with each other have different criteria.
IV.
References
________. 2012. APA style. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style. Access 17th
April 2012, time 11.49
________. 2012. Ideology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology. Access 17th
April 2012, time 11.04
________. 2012. The MLA Style Manual. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual. Access 17th
April 2012, time 11.51
________. 2012. Notion (philosophy). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notion_(philosophy). Access 17th
April 2012, time 11.04
________. 2012. Paradigm. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm. Access 17th April 2012, time
11.10
________. 2012. Philosophy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy. Access 17th
April 2012, time 11.06
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